A Study On The Sector Policing Social Policy Essay Example

A Study On The Sector Policing Social Policy Essay In this thesis, the principals of whether the debut of Sector Policing into The North Central Dublin Metropolitan C District was an effectual move will be examined and analysed ensuing in a decision established from the research. The purpose of this thesis is to research how the thought of sector policing was established and why it was believed to be suited for todays Irish policing and society within the North Central Dublin Metropolitan C District. The chief aim of this thesis is to necessarily set up whether the debut of Sector Policing into the North Central Dublin Metropolitan Region C District has been an effectual move and to to boot set up whether it was seen to be working by current functioning members within the Dublin North Central Division. In order to set up this, two semi-structured interviews were conducted with two different members of different ranks within An Garda Siochana. One of which was with an Inspector presently working within the North Central Division who was positioned at that place during the debut of Sectors and the 2nd with a Garda who worked within the North Central division both before and after the debut of Sectors. We will write a custom essay sample on A Study On The Sector Policing Social Policy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on A Study On The Sector Policing Social Policy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on A Study On The Sector Policing Social Policy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The findings of the Dissertation was that yes, The debut of Sectors to the Dublin Metropolitan Region, North Central Division has been effectual and continues to be effectual. Introduction In this thesis it is the purpose to steer the reader through the thoughts behind Sector policing, the grounds for why it was thought to be suited within An Garda Siochana and today s Irish policing Society and to boot it s existent debut and birth into the North Central Dublin Metropolitan Region C District. The thought of how Sector policing was introduced into other states and how it affected those states in the long tally will be discussed and comparings as to why Sector Patroling might non hold worked in the North Central Dublin Metropolitan Region will besides be discussed. This will be achieved by utilizing South Africa as an illustration as to how its debut caused a big failure to happen within their policing society in the beginning of the debut of Sector Policing which lead to a deficiency of trust towards the South African Police Force. Ultimately the intent of this thesis is to analyze and to analyze whether or non the debut of sector patroling into the North Central Dub lin Metropolitan Regions C District has been effectual. Sector Patroling within the C District has been in operation since the beginning of 2009 ; and research will state of the phases which occurred in order for Sector Policing to be effectual within the C District. In order for the completion of this thesis, the inquiry of Has the debut of Sectors into the C District in Dublin been effectual? must be answered. To assist accomplish the overall decision of this thesis, the following purposes have been set out: The thought of sector policing will be discussed sketching its aims The debut of Sector Policing as originally introduced into South Africa will be researched and discussed The grounds as to why it is effectual within the North Central Dublin Metropolitan Region C District in comparing to South Africa will be examined To set up the purposes and benefits of Sector Policing within the C District What views Gardai have about the debut of Sector Patroling to the C District For the intent of this thesis, a member of an Garda Siochana who has served his provisional period within the North Central Dublin Metropolitan Region C District, attached to Store Street Garda Station will be interviewed and questioned sing his experiences of Sector Policing. In add-on, as portion of his stage two faculty of preparation and before the debut of sectors, the Interviewee was besides based in Store Street Garda Station. Therefore, leting him to discourse and compare the full effects that Sector Policing has had on the C District. Additionally in order to research the thesis subject, an experient member of An Garda Siochana was interviewed in order to determine his positions on the debut of Sector Policing into the C District and to discourse the effectivity of it in his position. Up to day of the month literature was researched sing sector policing and its history within South Africa and The United Kingdom. This literature included books, studies and information on the subject environing Sector Policing and Neighbourhood Policing assisting to determine if Sector Policing has been effectual within the C District. All this research allowed for an informed decision on the subject. This thesis compromises of four chapters and will incorporate recommendations and decisions. In chapter one, this chapter aims to give an lineation of the significance of researching this subject, the research methods used in this thesis and the restraints experienced by the writer while roll uping and finishing this papers. In chapter two, this chapter aims to give the reader an penetration into the background of Sector Policing. It will be discussed how it was tried and tested in South Africa and failed. It will besides be discussed how it is presently being used efficaciously with the United Kingdom Therefore leting the reader to read and understand the differences that occur within different states with the debut of Sector Policing. Chapter two will necessarily specify the words Sector Policing. Chapter three will let the thesis to give the reader an penetration into the altering ways of Patroling in the North Central Dublin Metropolitan C District by the debut of Sector Policing. The thesis will let this by explicating its existent birth into the C District, how it was implemented and the interview of a member of An Garda Siochana who has been strongly involved with the local community for over four and a half old ages covering on a regular basis with members of the local community and has attended local community Policing Forum Meetings. An interview can besides be read in this thesis from an established member of An Garda Siochana who has helped with the debut of sector patroling to the C District leting him to explicate in his words why Sector Policing is the manner frontward nationally. Chapter four will let for the analysis of the research findings gained from both these interviews in order to compare and contrast this with the literature reviewed. Chapter One Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to sketch the subject significance of researching the subject of Sector Policing, the research methods used in this thesis and the restraints experienced while roll uping and finishing this papers. Additionally, it is within this chapter that Sector Policing will be defined and described. Issues to be addressed In order for any issues to be addressed in this thesis Has the debut of Sector Policing been effectual within the C District? , the whole country environing the subject of Sector Policing must be examined. Research must be carried out as to which states it has been introduced to before and has its debut to them been effectual. If non the grounds as to why it was nt ab initio or in the long tally must be reviewed and a decision should be decided from at that place. The debut of Sector Policing will be analysed and how the alteration was positively introduced into the C District. Reports will besides be studied from the start of the twelvemonth to day of the month sing the advancement and current offense figures ensuing in the debut of Sector Policing within the C District. Topic Significance In order for provisional Gardai to successfully finish their preparation within The Garda College in Templemore, a subject must be chosen in which the member must finish a thesis on. The subject of sector policing was chosen as it is a new construct of patroling within Ireland. As it is seen as the new community based policing and is the manner frontward within the C District, this thesis aims to turn out whether or non this statement is true and to overall measure its effectivity within the C District. Sector Policing was introduced into the C District due to its effectivity within The United Kingdom and South Africa throughout the old ages. Although when foremost introduced into South Africa it was nt Taken serious, Sector Policing outside of Ireland has made its name worldwide for being community involved and more security and offense decrease based on a smaller country within each patroling territory. Sector policing was introduced into the North Central Dublin Metropolitan Region on a pilot footing in March 2009 and to this continues to be in full operation. Its advantages are chiefly the strong engagement of the local community in the manner An Garda Siochana constabularies and the decrease of offense based on the sum of Gardai on the round in any one given country. Sector Policing besides allows members of An Garda Siochana to attach themselves to one peculiar country leting them to go really familiar with every facet of and within their designated sector/area. Constraints The chief restraint which was experienced with this thesis was ab initio the size restraint. There is presently so much information and literature available sing the country environing Sector Policing. Therefore, the information which was available was required to be summarised in order to follow with the word count as set out for this thesis. The 2nd restraint in which was encountered was the sum of stuff available purely associating to sector patroling within An Garda Siochana. As the thought of Sector Policing is merely a new construct within An Garda Siochana, the bulk of information researched within the Gardai is chiefly based on other sector policed states. The research in which was carried out is non merely based on the same but Sector Policing within the C District can merely be compared to them for the past twelvemonth as Sector Policing has merely been in operation since the beginning of 2009. Research Methodologies In order to research the inquiry Has the debut of Sector Policing been effectual within the C District? it was decided to utilize both primary and secondary research methods. The usage of interviews was determined to be the primary research method and the researching of literature available was deemed to be the secondary research method. Interviews: For this thesis, semi-structured interviews were chosen as a method of research as it allowed certain issues to be addressed for the intent of replying the thesis subject research inquiry. Literature research: The stuff researched and reviewed will be outlined in chapter two. Much information was read and studied including stuff written by experts in the field of Sector Policing and information written by those who work first manus in a sector policed force. Definition of Sector Patroling Sector policing is a obscure and formless term which has been through a 1000 definitions and redefinitions. There are many definitions linked into the description of Sector Policing: For case, harmonizing to the South African Police Service, Sector policing is an attack to patroling whereby the service country of a constabulary station is divided into smaller, manageable countries known as sectors. For each sector a constabulary functionary is appointed who is known as the sector commanding officer. In the UK Sector Policing is known as Neighbourhood Policing and is defined as an organizational scheme that allows the constabulary, its spouses and the populace to work closely together to work out the jobs of offense and upset, better vicinity conditions and feelings of security. Decision In this chapter the thesis outlines to the reader what Sector Patroling chiefly is, what it aims to accomplish and why it was chosen to be introduced into Ireland. It besides outlines the troubles encountered with the debut of Sector Patroling to the C District and alterations that have been made in order for it to be as it is today. Additionally the restraints that were faced in during the completion of this thesis and the research methodological analysiss are included in this chapter. Chapter Two Introduction In Chapter Two, the thesis aims to give the reader an penetration into what sector patroling truly is. The background and get downing as such of Sector Policing will be discussed and how it was adopted by several states before Ireland. Additionally the thesis will discourse and explicate how it was tried, tested and failed within South Africa in the beginning and how it is presently being used efficaciously within the United Kingdom. Therefore, leting the comparing and contrast of the differences that were encountered within the debut of Sector Policing into different states and civilizations. What is Sector Policing? Sector policing is a UK based patroling theoretical account that can be traced back to the old decennary, ab initio known as vicinity patroling ( CVSR, 2008 ) . Sector patroling adopts a far more decentralized attack to patroling intended to turn to root cause of offense at specific geographical locations in partnership with peculiar communities at local degree, Thus sector policing can be seen as a tailor made patroling attack created to accommodate specific local demands. Background of Sector Policing in South Africa Sector policing was ab initio introduced into the South African Police Force in December 1993 by agencies of a bill of exchange that was published by the South African Police Commissioner. By early 1996 the thought of Sector policing was rolled out through South Africa and was written into the fundamental law going operational really rapidly. However at the beginning there were many jobs encountered. Back in the early 1890ss a race war was running public violence in South Africa and offense degrees were to boot high. Topographic points such as Johannesburg were really insecure as drugs and guns were taking their topographic point next to dally for kids. It was the commissioner s end to convey about effectual offense bar by establishing intelligence-driven crime-prevention undertakings in partnership with the local community. In order to make this the execution of sector policing was broken down into five separate stages crossing over a period of old ages. The five execution phases of sector policing in South Africa Phase one: Determining Sector Boundaries Phase two: Appointing Sector Commander and Sector squad This involved the choice of established Military officers to whom would take duty of each Sector designated to them. Each individual was manus selected based on their policing profile. Phase three: Roll uping Sector Profile this involved researching the countries contained within each sector as designated from the boundaries provided on stage one. This profile contains the demands, concerns, perceptual experiences and abilities of each sector. It was stated critical that these profiles were updated on a regular footing in order to reflect the on-going alterations that were to be experienced by the debut of Sectors Phase four: Establish a Sector Crime forum this was one of the more critical stages of the integrating of sectors. This stage introduced the community into the program. Sector Crime forums were set up to in order to let the community to convey their feelings sing the new policing program and to discourse ongoing issues that were go oning in their sector. It allowed the people to hold a say in the policing that effected their sector and was at that place to offer the community replies to any questions they might hold associating to offense in that sector/area. Phase five: Sector Crime Forum Activities after the safety and security demands of the sector have been established, identified and prioritised, this allows the community to discourse and find the best possible action to be taken. For illustration whether better lighting or walls were needed in an country. Overall, the execution of these five phases was chiefly overseen by each of the Sector Commanders that were designated as portion of the procedure of stage two. The declared advantages of Sector Policing as Written in the 1993 South African Draft In December 1993 when the national constabulary commissioner issued a draft National Instruction on sector patroling there were several advantages outlined in the benefits of Sector Policing. Not merely was in to be the new signifier of community patroling but it was to specify the new manner in which policing was to go. Larger countries were to be broken down guaranting a more efficaciously policed sector and country due to it being more manageable to patrol. Sector Commanders and officers would be dedicated and available to patrol that sector at all times cut downing offense rates due to high visibleness and higher patroling Numberss. Police would go involved in community affairs and go to regular meetings with stakeholders and general members of the populace. Police Officers would now go Community constabularies officers with an confidant cognition of a peculiar country and its jobs as a chief operational unit of a thin and efficient constabulary administration ( Maroga, 2006 ) . Barriers that had been built between the constabulary and the general populace would be broken down due to a common co-operation and trust between all parties involved. Basically, Sector Policing was the most basic signifier of patroling merely the South African Police service were get downing from abrasion and re-juvenating the manner in which policing was done. Community Involvement Not merely was this alteration in the manner policing was to be in the hereafter, but the community of South Africa would besides necessitate to alter the manner they had seen patroling being before. Their engagement in the execution of this procedure was critical and co-operation between both parties was to be upheld in order for it to work. The community were required to go to SCF meetings and portray their jobs and frights merely as the Police were to go to to return replies and solutions to these jobs. Challenges Experienced in the execution of Sector Policing in South Africa As with any new policy that is introduced anyplace or any signifier of alteration, jobs ever occur at the start. In the instance of the debut of Sector Policing to South Africa, the chief job ab initio was the general populace s apprehension of what Sector Patroling really was and how it would impact them in the long term. Police officers besides worried that Sector Policing would neer be incorporated into the mainstream patroling map and that Sector Policing Forums and meetings would simply add to their large adequate work burden. In add-on, Sector Policing Forums would to boot hold to dwell of members of the community who were of different and assorted groups as so to hold an equal sentiment and position. This was considered a challenge due to the past problems in South Africa, chiefly being the war on race and stature within the society. Why Sector Patroling failed in its first few old ages in operation in South Africa Harmonizing to subdivision 205 ( 3 ) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 ( hereafter the Constitution ) , the objects of the South African Police Service are to forestall, combat and investigate offense, to keep public order, to protect and procure the dwellers of the Republic and their belongings, and uphold and enforce the jurisprudence ( Constitution of South Africa, 1996 ) . However, in South Africa the integrating of patroling into sector Policing was a challenge. The whole thought and purpose of Sector Policing was to cut down offense in South Africa and do the community within the designated sectors feel safe. However, this was non the instance. Crime rates continued to remain comparatively high and rose in certain countries of South Africa taking to more Police officers being drafted in to provide for the higher offense demands in larger more offense ridden sectors. Therefore, this lead to the sector patroling thought in other smaller and quieter secto rs to be disbanded and forgotten. It is argued that the constabulary were forced by high degrees of serious and violent offense to drastically increase their Numberss ( forces ) and to travel off from a community patroling attack to more traditional jurisprudence enforcement and high denseness patroling operations ( Burger, 2006 ) . To day of the month Crime in South Africa is still highly high. Murder, for illustration, decreased systematically since 1994/1995 from 66.9 per 100 000 of the population to 40.3 in 2004/2005, but is still at a much higher degree than the international norm of 5.5 per 100 000. Background of Sector Policing in the United Kingdom Sector policing was foremost introduced to the United Kingdom over a decennary ago. The English Police force was the innovator of Sector Policing, and to this twenty-four hours still considers it the lone efficient manner of patroling. Although it was originally introduced as Sector Policing, in the Home Office ( 2004 ) Strategic Plan 2004-2008, it was described as Neighbourhood Patroling instead than Sector Patroling but it was still built on the same footing of Sector Policing. It was introduced as a new manner of accessing and reacting to the demands of the community. There were three cardinal principals sing the manner in which it would be rolled out: High Visibility and acquaintance of constabulary officers including community support officers within each country of patroling A better battle with the local community by agencies of meetings and forums Undertaking jobs flagged by the community taking to a partnership with the local communities and an effectual consequence in consuming offense degrees. The intent of vicinity policing is to present the right people, at the right topographic points and in the right Numberss, in order to make vicinities that are safe and experience safe. ( Practice advice on professionalizing the concern of vicinity patroling papers, 2006 ) . The intent of Neighbourhood/Sector Policing within the United Kingdom Within the UK, Neighbourhood Policing has three demands in which make it a positive measure in policing: The consistent presence Of Police Officers within their designated areas/sectors to keep control, to be seeable and to be familiar to the community and all its demands. To be prompt in the designation of the community s demands To better the quality of life for all members of the community in which they are involved in Neighbourhood/Sector Policing has been worked so good in the United Kingdom due to the Police holding entree, influence, intercession, replies and more significantly cooperation between all members of the community and the constabulary force leting offense to be tackled more expeditiously and with acquaintance. This is what the South African Police Service saw when they chose to travel frontward with the construct of Sector Patroling Resources The chief resources involved in the execution and success of the debut of Sector Patroling to any state is the people involved. Between the constabulary force and every individual in the community, their cooperation is critical for its success. Additionally the Numberss of forces within the Police Force are vitally of import in order for sector policing to be a success. Although Sector Policing entails the interrupting down of larger countries into smaller sectional countries, it is besides designed to supply a better policed country by the increased Numberss of Police Officers available to one peculiar country. Therefore in order for Sector Policing to win, higher Numberss of patroling forces must be made available to each designated sector. Training The preparation of all Police Officers should stay the same although a more Community related attack must be adhered to. The accent on Community Policing should be enforced by all senior officers leting it to turn over down the concatenation of bid Motivation When Sectors were foremost introduced to South Africa and England, the South African Police Officers and English Military officers were pessimistic about it. They thought that the work burden that they had was already large plenty and that Sectors would merely add to this large plenty work load. However this was shortly settled by higher functionaries explicating that sectors lead to country duty and ownership of each country by squads of Police Officers. This in bend could take to bigger and better things for each member. Advancement through the ranks and through each available section. Not merely would Sector Policing benefit members of the community but it would profit members of the Police Force. Plan The program in order to guarantee that Sectors win begins at the top. The Allotment of strong and capable officers is the first measure. As the 1994 South African Policing Draft stated Sector commanding officers must hold good communicating, presentation and selling accomplishments. Creativity and finding are besides recommended qualities ( South African Policing Draft 1994, 2003 ) . These Sector Commanders are selected by the Police Commissioner himself. From at that place, Sector squads are chosen and members are selected by their Sector Commanders. The following measure is so to roll up a sector profile. This allows all members involved in each sector, whether they be officers of higher ranks or uniformed members, to go familiar with their designated are and understand the demands of it. They can analyze offense figures and note offense hot spots including hours of the twenty-four hours and topographic point in which require more attending than others. Community Policing Forums/ Sector Policing Forums would so be set up. This allows the community to be involved in the new signifier of Community Policing. From research undertaken in this chapter, it appears that Sector Policing has been really successful in the United Kingdom and South Africa due to its effientcy and the manner in which it was introduced right leting any jobs to be addressed instantly. Chapter Three Introduction In this chapter, this thesis aims to give the reader some penetration into the debut of sector patroling into the North Central Dublin Metropolitan Region C District and the grounds as to why it was introduced. Its execution will be discussed and the intent of its debut as respects to offense degrees and the thought environing Community Policing. Additionally in chapter three, this thesis will expose an interview with a member of An Garda Siochana who has been strongly involved with the local community for over four and a half old ages covering on a regular basis with members of the local community and has attended local community Policing Forum Meetings. An interview can besides be read in this chapter from an established member of An Garda Siochana who has helped with the debut of sector patroling to the C District leting him to explicate in his words why Sector Policing is the manner frontward nationally. Research Method In this chapter, this thesis aims to sketch the methods of research used and offer an account as to why it was necessary to utilize such methods, this will be done by turn toing the undermentioned headers: Method Participants Procedure Method The method of research that was used in the completion of this thesis was both based on literature read and the conductivity of two separate interviews with two functioning members of An Garda Siochana Participants and Procedure Primary research was undertaken utilizing two interviews both of which were semi-structured interviews. The two members that were interviewed were chosen due to their experience within the occupation and their ranks. Whilst one is an officer of the rank of inspector and helped with the apparatus of Sectors, the other is a member of Garda rank which helped with its integrating. Therefore, leting a different position to be seen from two different angles. The Introduction of Sector Policing into the North Central Dublin Metropolitan Division C District The enlargement of Community Policing in promotion of the Irish Garda Commissioners Policy became to the full operational in the North Central Dublin Metropolitan Region C District on Monday the 9th of March 2009. The debut of sectors to the North Central Dublin Metropolitan Region was a pilot strategy for An Garda Siochana and it was said that should it be successful upon reappraisal, it would be rolled out countrywide. The thought behind Sector patroling within the C District was to exert an increased focal point on community policing, non merely as an investing in a specialist function but simply as a manner of policing in which was to be adopted and integrated into the North Central Dublin Metropolitan Region. This was to be implemented by apportioning Community Policing squads which were to include an Inspector supported by dedicated Sergeants and Gardai to whom would be both uniformed and apparent apparels. Each squad was to be deployed to one of the five sectors set up where they would hold ownership and duty for Crime and Public Order bar and decrease, job resolution, Community battle and partnerships within that assigned community. The ultimate purpose of this increased focal point on Community Policing within the North Central Dublin Metropolitan Region C District was to guarantee that each sector became a safer country for the community of individuals populating within it and for the general populace who work or visit in that country, hence increasing the quality of life for each individual including members of An Garda Siochana. Not merely was this attack to take consequence outside the Garda Station but within the Stationss office a new squad was to be set up known as The Customer Relationship Management Office . This new squad comprised of a sergeant and two Gardai who would back up operational maps on the land by guaranting that all incidents were reviewed and recorded right, each victim of offense was engaged with in a one to one personal fo oting by phone and that a follow up missive would be issued every bit shortly as possible to guarantee good community dealingss between Gardai and Victims of offense. This Customer Relationship Management Office would besides be critical in the profiling and certification of wrongdoers within the sectors. In add-on to this, Joint Policing Committees were set up similar to the Community Policing Forums set up in both South Africa and The United Kingdom. Joint Policing Committees As portion of the debut of Sectors to the North Central Dublin Metropolitan Region C District, Joint Policing Committees were set up in order to let members of the community and members of the local governments to sit down with Gardai and discourse any issues that they might hold in relation to their sectors. The chief aim of Gardai set uping partnerships with the local community was through audience, to find community demands and patroling precedences per sector and to to boot advance Garda answerability, transparence and effectivity. This was to be seen as a concerted attempt to ease and take part in local job resolution, jobs which can non be determined or helped by Gardai entirely but by the effectual aid of each member and concern within the community. This would be reflected by the sum of Gardai assigned to certain beats within the sectors and at higher Numberss at times of excelled Acts of the Apostless of offense. Not merely did members of the community and Gardai attend the se Joint policing commission meeting but members of the Oireachtas which allowed a stronger engagement. Such affairs discussed would to include Public Order, Drugs, Anti Social behavior and other such societal affairs. In all, pull offing the outlooks of these partnerships was to be

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On Eastern and Western Europe - Assignment Example Due to the second World War, the so called Iron Curtain was established in Eastern and Central Europe. During this time, the Soviet Union established a strong program of influence on many of these Eastern Bloc countries, making them so called satellite states, under complete control of the Soviet Union, sometimes through its support of autocratic dictators. This reflected the historical problems of approaching true communism from an Eastern Bloc perspective, as a direct result of the growing tensions between the USA and USSR in post-World War II Berlin. After the closing off of Berlin and the separation of an entire city by the infamous Berlin Wall, the stage was set for the metaphor of the literal division of Europe. In the west, there was a lot of cultural and hegemonic influence from societies based on the concept of approaching socialism in some cases, but not true communism, and in many cases, very strong capitalism. In the east, there was the dominance of the Soviet power, whic h then aligned with local power in the creation of Eastern and Central European puppet regimes. #2 Central European countries that were more â€Å"Western† in their focus included Hungary and Poland. â€Å"Eastern† countries included the Baltic states and more northern areas. Poland seems to the lay person to be more similar to Germany than to Russia. The Czech Republic seems closer to Germany as well, considering the amount of German spoken there. Hungary seems more Russian, as do the Baltics. Of course, there are objective and subjective considerations to keep in mind, when it comes to ascribing national characteristics, or characteristics that are seen or said to be based on nationality. In any case, the cultural influence of other states and cultures can be divided between western and eastern ideas, in terms of political structure, and if the east is considered to be

Doubt Is The Key To Knowledge Discuss.

Doubt Is The Key To Knowledge Discuss. People created proverbs and used to apply them when experiences similar to the one which resulted in the construction of the proverb reoccurred. The Persians had one of the most famous proverbs that are still used in our time; they used to say doubt is the key to knowledge, but to what extent is this phrase true? Through the areas and ways of knowledge, this proverb will be further studied to determine to which extent it is true. In this essay, I will be using the natural sciences and religion as areas of knowledge and linking them to the ways of knowledge; perception and reason or logic. Doubt is one of the earliest ways the human beings started gaining knowledge from the world around them. It is known that doubt is when a person starts questioning a subject that confused him or has been on his mind for a time. It is then that this person starts asking questions in order to gain further knowledge about the subject he wishes to acquire. We can generally say that doubt is the origin of obtaining knowledge as human beings started questioning the world and everything in it; they were able to get the answers they wanted and increased their knowledge. The world famous French philosopher, writer, physicist and mathematician Renà © Descartes believed that doubt could never be the key to knowledge and information from the world. He was considered one of the first thinkers ever to introduce philosophy to natural sciences. Descartes believed that one can gain truth without doubt; he introduced his method called methodological skepticism in which he rejects any ideas that can b e doubted, then reestablishes them so that he can get genuine knowledge from these ideas. One of Descartes books is one called Meditations on First Philosophy. The book has six meditations in it in which Descartes banishes any belief that contains, even if in small quantities, any kind of uncertainty, but then reestablishes the things that are known for sure. Each one of the six meditations were written as if in one day Descartes speculated and came up with the meditation; so the book was authored as if he meditated for six days and developed his meditations. Three of Descartes meditations are discussed. His first meditation is called Meditation I: Concerning Those Things That Can Be Called into Doubt. In this meditation, Descartes remembers that he was once deceived by his senses and since that happened before, it can happen again. So he tells himself, if I am being deceived, then my beliefs are treacherous and uncertain. The second meditation called Meditation II: Concerning the Nature of the Human Mind: That It Is Better Known Than the Body is an acknowledgment to the first meditation. Descartes believed that since he is a thinking thing, then he must exist. Since he is a thing that can deceived and have thoughts and beliefs, he must exist. His third meditation Meditation III: Concerning God, That He Exists argues that God is present and he rejects the idea of God being invented. He proposed three types of ideas; Innate, Factitious and Adventitious. The innate ideas are the ones that are and always have been with us, whereas factitious ideas are from our imagination and lastly the adventitious ones come from our experiences from the world. Descartes believed that God is an innate idea and that he is not improvised. That was Descartes beliefs when it comes to doubt, as he does not believe that doubt is the key knowledge. Let us discuss the natural sciences at first. Ever since the break of dawn, the human being has been trying to know the truth about his origins and the world around him; have we truly evolved from apes or were we simply created by God? These questions have always been present in the humans mind and this is the reason behind his doubt concerning this topic. This issue has raised many conflicts among people, but most importantly, created the Darwin theory of evolution. Darwin believed that all living organisms evolved from much simpler single-celled organisms. His doubt in the belief that God created us from nothing made him seek after the answers he wanted to get. He did not believe in what he was told and sought after the truth after questioning this topic, evidently coming up with his widely accepted theory from different people all over the world. One too many facts from the sciences such as physics and biology were found based on doubt. Take the Arabic Muslim optical scientist, Ibn Al-Haitham. The people who lived in his era thought that the eye itself emitted light rays and causing our sight. Ibn Al-Haitham, on the other hand, did not believe in what these people used to say and doubted this fact, and so he started his own experiments to prove them wrong, and he was able to show that light was reflected off surfaces and became incident on the eye resulting in our sight. People use the logic they have to reason with the things that go around them. And through the logic, they are able to realize that some things do not add up; and this leads them to questioning and trying to find answers if they are unsatisfied with the results in front of them. Through their journey of seeking the answers, these people can find them only by observing or experimenting and then find logical answers. Human beings find answers when in doubt by experimenting and when the results show up they use reason and logic to interpret them, leading them to knowledge based on doubt. However, a different area of knowledge that can be studied to show to what extent the doubt is the key to knowledge statement is true is religion. Let us take the religion for instance. Not all the people of the world believe in religion, but why is that? Why have the non-believers become what they are now? This is all because we, as human beings, doubt the things around us. We are curious beings and want to know more of everything. As time progresses, people doubt what had been told to them by God. Some do not believe that he created Adam and Eve and rather wanted to accept the evolution theories as true such as Darwins. Others do not believe that there is a judgment day, and therefore wish to explain what is happening to our world nowadays from a scientific point of view. As for religion itself, talking about Christianity for example, doubt is not an option. You either believe in God or you do not. It is said in the Holy Bible that Blessed are those who did not see and believe. Through this, it is like God is telling us that there is no need for doubt, and that we only have to follow what our hearts tell us and how our soul guides into believing that there is a God even though we cannot see him. Religion is telling us that doubt has no place in Gods will and he is our source of knowledge on him not doubt. He is the one who will explain everything to believers and guide them through their lives and provide them with answers when they need them; therefore he is a persons supply of knowledge and that person should gain it without having to doubt what God says. All in all, the statement doubt is the key to knowledge is true to an extent as proven earlier by the areas and ways of knowledge. But it is to a certain extent true, not fully true because other areas of knowledge such as the ethics contradict what the Persian proverb says. Doubt can reveal the response of unanswered questions, but on other times, it can blind us from seeing the truth. 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Machiavelli’s The Prince and the Modern Executive Essay -- Machiavelli

The Prince and the Modern Executive  Ã‚      Few question The Prince’s place in the canon of western literature. That it marks a turning point in our collective history, the origin of the study of politics as a science (Pollock 43), is alone enough to warrant its classification as a "Great Book. Its author, Niccolo Machiavelli, a contemporary of Copernicus, is generally accepted as an early contributor to the scientific revolution, because he looked at power and the nature of sovereignty through the eyes of a scientist, focused completely on the goal without regard for religion and morals and ethics. Machiavelli taught that the way princes actually do govern often differs substantially from than the way they ought to govern, according to medieval Christian virtues. Sir Frederick Pollock wrote that in Machiavelli we find "for the first time since Aristotle, the pure passionless curiosity of the man of science. We find the separation of Ethics and Politics†¦Machiavelli takes no account of morality" (43). Machiave lli considers a successful ruler to be above morality, since the safety and expansion of the state are the supreme objectives. There had not been such a frank rejection of morality since the Greek Sophists. His ideas are in stark contrast with traditional church teachings. It is no wonder that The Prince was added to the Index of banned books and even today remains one of the most criticized and controversial books ever written. It is a scientific investigation into the tactics of retaining power. It is about application of power in the pursuit a greater goal. The Prince is, above all, about leadership. Though it is doubtful that Machiavelli realized the far reaching impact of his work. Its application is timeless and parti... ...l to read The Prince and, if they have already read it, read it again. As with all truly "Great Books," each successive reading reveals fresh new ideas and insights. The Prince, though disturbingly cold and frank at times, is no different.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited Butterfield, Herbert. The Statecraft of Machiavelli. New York: MacMillan, 1956. Jones, W. T. Masters of Political Thought. Ed. Edward, McChesner, and Sait. Vol. 2. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1947. Lewis, Wyndham. The Lion and the Fox: The Role of the Hero in the Plays of Shakespeare. London: Methuen, 1951. Machiavelli, Niccolo. The Prince. Trans. Hill Thompson. Norwalk: The Easton Press, 1980. Pollock, Frederick. An Introduction to the History of the Science of Politics. London: MacMillan, 1935. Ruffo-Fiore, Silvia. Niccolo Machiavelli. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1982.